Chemistry 210 - Review Sheet for Exam #1

You should be familiar with key terms below. You should solve the assigned problems. Some of these problems, or problems very similar, will be on the exam.  If you can solve them, you should do well on the exam.

Chapter  1: Covalent bonds Lewis Dot Structures Octet rule Double bonds Triple bonds Polar covalent bonds Formal charge Structural formulas Constitutional formulas Resonance Shapes of molecules VSEPR Acids and bases Arrhenius model acid — H+ producer base — OH- producer Brønsted-Lowry model acid — proton donor base — proton acceptor Lewis acid-base model acid — electron pair acceptor base — electron pair donor Conjugate acid Conjugate base pKa (- log [Ka] ) H—Cl  ~ 1 H—C2H3O2 ~ 4-5 H—NH3+ ~ 9-10 H—OH ~ 15.7 H—NH2 ~ 36 H—C ~ 60 Inductive effects

Chapter 2: Hydrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes alkenes alkynes Aromatic hydrocarbons Valence bond model Lewis Dot Structures Molecular orbital model Sigma (σ ) bond Pi (π) bond Orbital hybridization (sp3, sp2, sp) Alkane nomenclature Isomeric alkanes IUPAC nomenclature Alkyl groups (see below) Types of carbons: Primary (1o) Secondary (2o) Tertiary (3o) Quarternary (4o) Cycloalkane nomenclature Physical properties Intermolecular forces van der Waals forces Heat of combustion (enthalpy) Oxidation number Alkyl groups you should know: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) t-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl)

Chapter 3: Conformations Staggered conformation Eclipsed conformation anti conformation Gauche conformation Torsional strain Steric strain Activation energy (Ea) van der Waals strain Steric hindrance Carbon-carbon bond rotation Angle strain Torsional strain Cyclopentane envelope half-chair Cyclohexane chair boat skewed boat Axial position Equatorial position 1,3-diaxial repulsions Stereoisomers (geometric isomers) cis trans Polycyclic rings Spirocyclic compounds Polycyclic compounds Heterocyclic compounds